Types of malnutrition
There are different types of malnutrition, which are mainly classified into two groups---
1. Undernutrition
This occurs when a person does not consume enough nutrients to meet their body's needs, leading to deficiencies and inadequate growth.
It can be further classified into three types---
a. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
It is a condition where both protein and energy (calories) in the diet are inadequate, leading to poor growth and development. PEM can range from mild (in the case of mild calorie deficiency) to severe (marasmus in the case of extreme calorie deficiency).
b.Micronutrient deficiencies
This occurs when the body lacks essential vitamins (such as vitamins A, B, C and D) and minerals (such as iron, zinc, calcium and iodine). The lack of these micronutrients can lead to a number of health problems in children, such as anaemia, poor immunity and delayed growth.
2. Overnutrition
This occurs when a person consumes too many nutrients, leading to excessive weight gain, obesity, and other health problems.
It can be further classified into many types---
Obesity
It is defined as the excessive accumulation of fat in the body, resulting in a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or higher. Obesity can have a number of harmful effects on a person's health, such as diabetes, heart disease, and joint problems.
b.More obesity
This term is used to describe a condition where a person has excessive body fat, regardless of their BMI. It can also occur in individuals who have a normal BMI but an unhealthy level of body fat distribution.
c. overeating
It is a behavior in which a person consumes excessive calories, resulting in weight gain and obesity, especially when combined with sedentary behavior.
These categories are not exhaustive, and some individuals may experience a combination of these types of malnutrition. It is important to note that these classifications are primarily for adults; Malnutrition in children can be broadly divided into the following categories: wasting (low weight for height), stunting (low height for age) and overweight or obesity (high weight for height).
Harmful effects of malnutrition
1. Weak immune system
Malnutrition weakens the immune system, making a person more susceptible to infections and diseases.
2. Decreased physical growth and development
In children, malnutrition can impair physical growth and cognitive development, resulting in long-term health consequences.
3. Decreased energy levels and fatigue
Malnutrition can cause decreased energy levels and persistent fatigue, making it difficult to perform daily tasks and engage in physical activities.
4. Poor mental health
Malnutrition has been linked to an increased risk of mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress.
5. Impedes wound healing
Individuals suffering from malnutrition often experience impaired wound healing and slower recovery from injuries and surgery.
6. Increases the risk of chronic diseases
Malnutrition increases the risk of developing chronic health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis.
7. Decreased cognitive function
Malnutrition can cause cognitive impairment, such as decreased memory, attention, and concentration.
8. Increase in hospital readmission rates
Malnourished individuals are at greater risk of being readmitted to hospital, as their weakened condition makes recovery from illness or injury more challenging.
9. Decreased quality of life
Malnutrition can negatively affect a person's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in daily activities and engage in social situations.
10. Increase in mortality rate
Malnutrition has been linked to increased mortality, as individuals with poor nutrition are less likely to survive serious illnesses or endure major surgery.
